The Journaling of Hinton 389

To begin, you need to determine which type of abstract you should include with your paper. There are four general types. A critical abstract provides, in addition to describing main findings and information, a judgment or comment about the study’s validity, reliability, or completeness. The researcher evaluates the paper and often compares it with other works on the same subject. Critical abstracts are generally 400-500 words in length due to the additional interpretive commentary. These types of abstracts are used infrequently. A descriptive abstract indicates the type of information found in the work. It makes no judgments about the work, nor does it provide results or conclusions of the research. It does incorporate key words found in the text and may include the purpose, methods, and scope of the research. Essentially, the descriptive abstract only describes the work being summarized. Some researchers consider it an outline of the work, rather than a summary. Descriptive abstracts are usually very short, 100 words or less.

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The majority of abstracts are informative. While they still do not critique or evaluate a work, they do more than describe it. A good informative abstract acts as a surrogate for the work itself. That is, the researcher presents and explains all the main arguments and the important results and evidence in the paper. The length varies according to discipline, but an informative abstract is usually no more than 300 words in length. A highlight abstract is specifically written to attract the reader’s attention to the study. No pretense is made of there being either a balanced or complete picture of the paper and, in fact, incomplete and leading remarks may be used to spark the reader’s interest. In that a highlight abstract cannot stand independent of its associated article, it is not a true abstract and, therefore, rarely used in academic writing. Use the active voice when possible, but note that much of your abstract may require passive sentence constructions. Content was created with Essay Freelance Writers!

Regardless, write your abstract using concise, but complete, sentences. Get to the point quickly and always use the past tense because you are reporting on a study that has been completed. Abstracts should be formatted as a single paragraph in a block format and with no paragraph indentations. In most cases, the abstract page immediately follows the title page. Do not number the page. Rules set forth in writing manual vary but, in general, you should center the word "Abstract" at the top of the page with double spacing between the heading and the abstract. The final sentences of an abstract concisely summarize your study’s conclusions, implications, or applications to practice and, if appropriate, can be followed by a statement about the need for additional research revealed from the findings. Although it is the first section of your paper, the abstract should be written last since it will summarize the contents of your entire paper. A good strategy to begin composing your abstract is to take whole sentences or key phrases from each section of the paper and put them in a sequence that summarizes the contents.

Then revise or add connecting phrases or words to make the narrative flow clearly and smoothly. Before handing in your final paper, check to make sure that the information in the abstract completely agrees with what you have written in the paper. Think of the abstract as a sequential set of complete sentences describing the most crucial information using the fewest necessary words. Any sort of image, illustration, figure, or table, or references to them. Abstract. Writing Center. University of Kansas; Abstract. The Structure, Format, Content, and Style of a Journal-Style Scientific Paper. Department of Biology. Bates College; Abstracts. The Writing Center. University of North Carolina; Borko, Harold and Seymour Chatman. American Documentation 14 (April 1963): 149-160; Abstracts. The Writer’s Handbook. Writing Center. University of Wisconsin, Madison; Hartley, James and Lucy Betts. homepage of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 60 (October 2009): 2010-2018; Procter, Margaret. The Abstract. University College Writing Centre. University of Toronto; Riordan, Laura. “Mastering the Art of Abstracts.” The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 115 (January 2015 ): 41-47; Writing Report Abstracts. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Writing Abstracts. Writing Tutorial Services, Center for Innovative Teaching and Learning. Indiana University; Koltay, Tibor. Abstracts and Abstracting: A Genre and Set of Skills for the Twenty-First Century.

At this point, your research paper and abstract are error-free, complete, and ready for you to send them to your professor or client. Vary sentence structures to avoid choppiness. Don’t include too many long sentences one after another and avoid doing the same with short sentences as well. Use active voice whenever possible. Also, ask your professor whether it is okay to use passive voice when necessary. The research paper is a common assignment in college education, and beyond. Writing these papers usually involves creating an abstract, a brief summary or description of the subject or argument you discussed throughout the paper. Abstracts are a major source of concern for many students, but they are incredibly easy to write when you’re familiar with the steps. As seen throughout this post, the ideal way to write an abstract is to keep it concise without pumping up word count with unnecessary information. If you don`t know what about you can write - look at different research paper topics! Now you’re ready to start writing the abstracts for research papers, good luck. Don’t forget to see another guide about abstract research paper!

Writing an abstract is one of the skills you need to master if you want to succeed in your studies. Even if it seems minor compared to an essay, research paper, or case study, you shouldn’t underestimate the importance of an abstract. In fact, it’s a vital part of all the written works that we’ve just mentioned. ❓ But What Does Abstract Mean Anyway? � What Is an Abstract Good for? ❓ But What Does Abstract Mean Anyway? An abstract is a short summary of a thesis, article, review, analysis, or any other in-depth academic work or writing. Its main purpose is to help readers understand what a particular paper is about and what its purpose is. An abstract usually goes at the very beginning, before the actual work it describes. It serves as a sort of introduction to the paper. � What Is an Abstract Good for? Apart from what we’ve mentioned in the definition, an abstract can act as an independent piece of work instead of a complete paper.

It’s especially helpful in situations where a certain type of research paper or other writing needs to be selected, but there’s no time to look through the whole thing. There are even whole databases that index abstracts only. Because most of the time, scientific works fall under a certain copyright. And having abstracts really helps students and researchers find them without violating any laws or rights. And you know what? Today you’re going to learn how to write an abstract. click here for more that will tell all about how to prepare for writing an abstract—including its types, components, and structure—and that will lead you step-by-step through the writing process itself. You’ll know how to write any type of abstract, whether it’s an abstract for project, research paper, case study, or any other written work. But that’s not all. You’ll also find a bunch of abstract examples in this guide. How cool is that? So, if you’re ready, let’s jump in and learn about writing an abstract.

There are a couple of things to consider before you start to write an abstract. First things first, you obviously need to have your paper ready. This one should be a no-brainer, but it’s still worth mentioning. If you try to write your abstract before the work itself, chances are you’ll have to edit it a lot afterwards. Make sure you’re aware of all the requirements: writing style, length, and the whole purpose of an abstract. All of these factors will influence the contents of your abstract. Again, it’s better to do everything right from the beginning than to have to edit your work later. Think of the audience. Remember the definition of an abstract? It helps readers understand what your work is about. You need to be aware of who’s going to read it. Are they going to be scientists who’ll use your abstract to decide whether your work is relevant?

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Or do you need to make your abstract easy to understand for regular readers, or those out of your field? Answering these kinds of questions will help you determine how your abstract will look. Decide on the type of abstract. This is one of the most important aspects. Therefore, we’ll talk about it in the next part of our guide. When it comes to naming the types of abstracts, there’s really only two: informative abstracts and descriptive abstracts. However, there’s a third category that isn’t as common but is still worth mentioning. We’ll talk about that one after describing the first two, so stay with us. This type of abstract writing is also known as a complete abstract. And it’s pretty self-explanatory. An informative abstract acts as a summary of a paper, describing its purpose, methodology, background, results, and conclusion. It also includes information about the structure of the paper, its key thoughts, and the major topics discussed. How long should an abstract be?

Abstract and Introduction are two terms used in research methodology and thesis writing between which certain differences exist. Most students tend to confuse these two as similar in nature. This, however, is a false identification. If you go through research papers, thesis, you will notice that there are two pages for the Introduction and Abstract. When going through the information provided, you will notice that an Abstract and Introduction are not actually the same and that they function for two different purposes. First let u s start off with an understanding of the two terms. Simply an Abstract is a short form of the thesis or research, which allows the reader to comprehend the crux of the research findings. However, the function of the Introduction is quite different. It provides the necessary backdrop for the reader to comprehend the research. This is the main difference between the two words. Through this article let us attempt to comprehend the difference, as well as the function of an Abstract and Introduction.

What is an Abstract? First let us start off with the Abstract. An abstract, also referred as synopsis, is a short form of the final thesis. It contains the crux of the research findings. An abstract also refers to the short version of the research paper to be submitted to a conference or a seminar. Any university or an education institution that conducts a seminar asks for the Abstract of research papers to be read out by various scholars in various disciplines to be sent well in advance. This is to facilitate the publishing of the proceedings of the seminar well in advance. The purpose of writing an abstract is to let the reader know the subject matter of the research paper, in a nutshell. It contains a very brief explanation of what is found in the entire research paper. What is an Introduction? An introduction, on the other hand, is the first chapter of a thesis or a dissertation or a book for that matter.

The purpose of an introduction is to introduce the reader to the topic of the book or the thesis. By reading or going through the introduction of a book, a reader gets an idea about the contents of the book or the content of the other chapters of the thesis. An introduction gives the significance and the scope of the subject of the thesis too. It throws light on various other aspects such as the need for research on the topic, the experts on the topic, the contribution of the predecessors on the topic and the like. Unlike an Introduction, an abstract just touches the subject matter of the research paper and presents it, in a nutshell. This is the difference between abstract and introduction. This gives the idea that an Introduction and Abstract are different from one another and focus on different things. Now let us summarize the difference between the two in the following manner. What is the Difference Between an Abstract and Introduction? An Abstract is a short form of the final thesis. It contains the crux of the research findings. An introduction, on the other hand, is the first chapter of a thesis or a dissertation or a book for that matter. An Introduction provides information about the contents of the book or the content of the other chapters of the thesis. It also gives the significance and the scope of the subject of the thesis. An Abstract, however, presents the reader with the research findings in a summary, unlike in the case of an introduction which lays the foundation.

These pollens are almost always filtered out via filters in wound-treatment honey. Occasionally, a slight stinging sensation results from honey used in the eyes as a salve. Additionally, food-honeys may contain spores. For wound treatment, use gamma-irradiated honey that you can purchase, unless you need to stop a large wound in an emergency and pressure alone is not working. Use your best judgment in this decision. If the wound victim is allergic to bee stings, consult a physician before attempting to use honey on a wound. Manuka is a hand item to keep on hand . Another item from the same sector of the world is Tea Tree Oil. I keep a bottle of this in the hosue at all times. It medicinal properties include in toothpastes and mouth rinses, as well as the relief of aches and pains in topical applications. 0 of 8192 characters usedPost CommentNo HTML is allowed in comments, but URLs will be hyperlinked.

Comments are not for promoting your articles or other sites. What is an abstract? for reading and commenting! I hope you enjoy a variety of flavors of hiney as well as healing properties. Another amazing Hub Patty! I only started liking honey a few years ago, but now I see that it has more applications than just a sweetener. I will definitely be keeping some honey on hand in case of emergency! Voted up and shared! Medical grade honey is now being used by our local Mobile Wound Healing Units connected with hospitals. Interesting hub, very useful! Thanks for all the great comments, and congratulations to all of you that have healing come out of the info! I have to say something that is a miracle for me,it work's on me honey on wound,its just another treatment for me,wow..I should tell people about this,I was with infected sore wound on my left leg that makes me very nevers and not walkin for long years and as well I was very ill,I looked this up on the internet and I make it myself,so I have good report..

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For my first lab report in college I was a little unprepared because of my schedule but because i toke ap bio i think I did fairly well. That actually made me very upset that even though he didnt contribute he got the same grade as me, but I think only the weak complain so i just did the work. In today’s industrial world, companies are steadily making products that can harm ecosystems. In order to protect the ecosystems from the harmful off products scientist do experiments called bioassays. A bioassay distinguishes the amount of the (ED) that produce a certain effect. The bioassay lab tested the affects of acetone on the germination of mustard seeds in different concentrations. The seeds were measured for a week and the results were recorded day by day. The growths of the seeds were adequate in certain concentrations and the control, even though acetone is acidic. Acetone has a high evaporation rate, low viscosity,a miscibility with waterand is a good solvent like water. Because of acetones propertise acetone is used in many raw materials. Article has been created with the help of https://essayfreelancewriters.comversion!

If the solution isn’t too acidic then seeds might have potential to grow. For the experiment a fine-pointed marker, a paper cup, cotton balls, disposable pipet with bulb, forceps, four micro centrifuges with caps, 8 mustard seeds and a metric ruler were used to gather the data in the bioassay lab. The cotton balls were first placed inside the paper cup. This was made to make a support system for the four micro centrifuges. The micro centrifuges were then labeled C for controlled group, 1for 100 hundred percent acetone, 0.1 and 0.01 for the concentration of acetone. A micro centrifuge was filled with ten drops of distilled water. By using the pipet with the bulb measure ten drops of the acetone solution was then placed in the 1.0 micro centrifuge. Then nine drops of distilled H2O were placed in both 0.1&0.01 labeled micro centrifuges. From there one drop of the acetone solution was added using the same pipet. That micro centrifuge was closed and thumped at the bottom to make sure the solution was mixed. One drop of that solution was then added to the 0.01 micro centrifuge. Then four pieces of paper where cut to fit in the micro centrifuges with the cap closed and two mustard seeds were placed on top of the pieces of paper in each micro centrifuge. The micro centrifuges were then placed in the cup with the cotton balls and were dated and measured and recorded for seven days. The micro centrifuges that where labeled 1 and 0.1 showed no germination in the seven days of being observed. While the control group and 0.01 concentrated showed substantial germination and a surprising result. These results are shown on the Effects of Acetone on Germination of RCBR Seeds data sheet. This post has been done by Essay Writers!

I got a huge blister (that opened)on my foot from snowboarding, and it was looking pretty infected even though I was using hydrogen peroxide and antibiotic ointment twice daily. It also hurt a lot! Then I started soaking it in salt water and putting honey in the wound instead, and it started healing right away! What outline of a lab report . I enjoyed reading this HUB, I have heard of the benefits of honey but not as a treatnment for wounds. I had fallen in my pe class, and i got a pretty bad scrape on my leg. 9 years ago from U.S.A. THIS IS SOME GREAT INFORMATION,I'AM SO Happy you wrote this one of my co workers put honey on a kitchen burn I got years ago. It work great.God Bless our wonderful earth. Iris, call your local drug store or hospital Nurse's Help Line for the public and ask them what's best in your locale.

I have a wound on my ankle and would like to try this method, but don't which honey is better and where to get it! Honey is the one of the best medicine, it proved by medical science. It has wonderful test and amazing features. Thanks for the comment and link, Dr. Meyer. I'm so often trying to get my patients to reduce their glucose and overall carb intake but I particularly like the topical applications for wound healing you talk about. AWESOME Hub Sweet Patty. I use honey for other medicinal purposes daily. As an MSer (Multiple Sclerosis victim) I am committed to restoring my health. Cancer is cured by honey and baking soda. The most difficult aspect I have experienced is attempting to maintain honey bee hives in a city. Bee Sting (BVT) Bee Venom Therapy has been used to help a variety of medical conditions for thousands of years.

WHAT IS AN ABSTRACT? An abstract is a brief summary of the most important points in a scientific paper. Abstracts enable professionals to stay current with the huge volume of scientific literature. Students have misconceptions about the nature of abstracts that may be described as the “table of contents” or “introduction” syndromes. There are several ways to tell if you’ve written an abstract or not. It has been observed that the quantity of our scientific knowledge increases at an exponential rate. How is it possible for scientists, students or anyone to keep up with this increase? If a sedimentologist, for example, were to read every paper published in a single year in the Journal of Sedimentary Research, Sedimentology, Sedimentary Geology, Geology, the GSA Bulletin, the AAPG Bulletin, etc. she or he would have no time to conduct any research! Abstracts are crucial components in the battle to keep abreast of one’s field.

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If https://essayfreelancewriters.com/blog/how-to-write-a-lab-report-abstract/ examine any paper in a professional journal, such as the GSA Bulletin, and you will see that each paper begins with an abstract. So, what is an abstract? An abstract is a brief synopsis or summary of the most important points that the author makes in the paper. It is a highly condensed version of the paper itself. After reading the abstract, the reader knows the main points that the authors have to make. The reader can then evaluate the significance of the paper and then decide whether or not she or he wishes to read the full paper. If one elects to read the full paper, further detail is given about each of the significant topics, but no new topics of importance are introduced. If one decides not to read the paper, that decision is based on a knowledge of the paper’s content. Although the abstract appears first in a paper, it is generally the last part written. Only after the paper has been completed can the authors decide what should be in the abstract and what parts are supporting detail.

Student misconceptions abound on the nature of abstracts. Perhaps the two most common misconceptions are that the abstract is a table of contents or an introduction. An abstract is neither of these. Just because it appears first in a paper does not mean that it is an integral part of the paper. Abstracts should be able to stand alone. ”, etc.. If what you have written includes such statements, chances are you have not written an abstract. The “introduction” misconception is also common. How can you tell if what you have written is an abstract or not? Ask yourself the following questions: Does my abstract summarize all the most important points in my paper? If someone reads my abstract will they get all the main points that I want to make in the paper? Does my abstract stand alone or does it lead to other parts of the paper? If the latter is true, chances are good that you have not written an abstract. An abstract is a critical part of a scientific paper. It summarizes the most significant points in the paper. By doing so, it enables the reader to evaluate the nature and significance of the work and therefore decide whether or not to read the whole paper. This article has been done by https://essayfreelancewriters.com.

Predictions based on presence or absence are typically tested against using two sided significance tests getting the extremity of the data given assuming a null hypothesis. Similarly directional hypotheses can be evaluated by one-sided tests. A written prediction may apply to a single result or to a grouped set of results. Grouped results are common where variables can be grouped into sets and the same prediction applies to various combinations of the sets. As an example of a grouped hypothesis, Ackerman and Wolman (2007, p.61) wrote "mean self-estimates of abilities will decline from pretest to posttest assessment". Their study included four different types of self-estimates of ability. Because the nature of the prediction was the same for all four variables, the hypotheses could be grouped. Grouped predictions have the benefit of being concise. A mapping between one set of variables and another set: e.g., when five personality variables are measured both using self-report and other report, the prediction is that self-report and other-report versions of the same variable will correlate more highly than other combinations of the variables. This data was written with Essay Writers.

WHAT IS AN ABSTRACT? An abstract is a brief summary of the most important points in a scientific paper. Abstracts enable professionals to stay current with the huge volume of scientific literature. Students have misconceptions about the nature of abstracts that may be described as the “table of contents” or “introduction” syndromes. There are several ways to tell if you’ve written an abstract or not. It has been observed that the quantity of our scientific knowledge increases at an exponential rate. How is it possible for scientists, students or anyone to keep up with this increase? If a sedimentologist, for example, were to read every paper published in a single year in the Journal of Sedimentary Research, Sedimentology, Sedimentary Geology, Geology, the GSA Bulletin, the AAPG Bulletin, etc. she or he would have no time to conduct any research! Abstracts are crucial components in the battle to keep abreast of one’s field.

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If you examine any paper in a professional journal, such as the GSA Bulletin, and you will see that each paper begins with an abstract. So, what is an abstract? An abstract is a brief synopsis or summary of the most important points that the author makes in the paper. It is a highly condensed version of the paper itself. After reading the abstract, the reader knows the main points that the authors have to make. The reader can then evaluate the significance of the paper and then decide whether or not she or he wishes to read the full paper. If one elects to read the full paper, further detail is given about each of the significant topics, but no new topics of importance are introduced. If one decides not to read the paper, that decision is based on a knowledge of the paper’s content. Although the abstract appears first in a paper, it is generally the last part written. Only after the paper has been completed can the authors decide what should be in the abstract and what parts are supporting detail.

Student misconceptions abound on the nature of abstracts. Perhaps the two most common misconceptions are that the abstract is a table of contents or an introduction. An abstract is neither of these. Just because it appears first in a paper does not mean that it is an integral part of the paper. lab report purpose example should be able to stand alone. ”, etc.. If what you have written includes such statements, chances are you have not written an abstract. The “introduction” misconception is also common. How can you tell if what you have written is an abstract or not? Ask yourself the following questions: Does my abstract summarize all the most important points in my paper? If someone reads my abstract will they get all the main points that I want to make in the paper? Does my abstract stand alone or does it lead to other parts of the paper? If the latter is true, chances are good that you have not written an abstract. An abstract is a critical part of a scientific paper. It summarizes the most significant points in the paper. By doing so, it enables the reader to evaluate the nature and significance of the work and therefore decide whether or not to read the whole paper. This article has been done by https://essayfreelancewriters.com.

Predictions based on presence or absence are typically tested against using two sided significance tests getting the extremity of the data given assuming a null hypothesis. Similarly directional hypotheses can be evaluated by one-sided tests. A written prediction may apply to a single result or to a grouped set of results. Grouped results are common where variables can be grouped into sets and the same prediction applies to various combinations of the sets. As an example of a grouped hypothesis, Ackerman and Wolman (2007, p.61) wrote "mean self-estimates of abilities will decline from pretest to posttest assessment". Their study included four different types of self-estimates of ability. Because the nature of the prediction was the same for all four variables, the hypotheses could be grouped. Grouped predictions have the benefit of being concise. A mapping between one set of variables and another set: e.g., when five personality variables are measured both using self-report and other report, the prediction is that self-report and other-report versions of the same variable will correlate more highly than other combinations of the variables. This data was written with Essay Writers.

Get Ready To Write! Writing is essential in college courses and incoming freshmen need to be prepared to handle many different types of assignments. College writing goes beyond the basic book reports or summaries of many high-school assignments. Explaining, supporting an argument, and analyzing information are just a few of the expectations college students will need to meet. Using proper citation and formatting papers correctly are also important aspects of writing in college. College Writing: Types of Writing Assignments A College Freshman Should Expect And How To Tackle Them. The assignment itself holds clues as to what your professor expects. Knowing the implications of being asked to explain, evaluate, or compare is one of the first steps in writing an informative and well-structured paper. There is a difference between informal writing and academic writing. What is fine in a casual email or creative short-story can lead to a disastrous grade in an academic paper. Before beginning your college papers and essays, make sure you understand the difference between academic writing and ordinary speech (informal) writing. For help with essay, please contact https://essayfreelancewriters.com.

Familiarize yourself with six basic essay formats used in college assignments. Knowing what they are and the elements they need to contain is the first step in receiving a good grade. This goal setting activity is not designed solely for writing and will work well with many types of projects. ’re not sure where to begin or how you will find the time to complete that paper, this system will show you how to break it down into steps and schedule time for each one. College is a whole new playing field and subjects that seemed easy in high school come with unfamiliar challenges and expectations. Analyzing, critiquing and developing an argument become part of your daily educational life, especially when it comes to writing. Developing sound writing skills in college begins with establishing good reading and note-taking habits. Learn to read with a purpose when in college; know your ultimate writing goal and read with that in mind to guarantee helpful notes and thoughtful analysis. Employ time management and proofreading as well. Content was generated by https://essayfreelancewriters.com!

Being asked to critique a book can seem like an intimidating task. Structuring your critical review properly will go a long way in diminishing the intimidation factor. Reading the book thoughtfully, and perhaps more than once, is a given. A thorough appreciation of the material will give you the background needed to compose a strong thesis and concise summary with an eye towards the all important analysis. Just as with a critical book review, writing a critical essay starts with reading the material analytically. An outline of your essay is the next step followed by composing a rough draft and then, proofreading, editing, rewriting and proofreading again. Complete a lab experiment by writing an outstanding lab report. Each section of a lab report contains certain information and has its own format. Achieve a high grade by including detail and writing for a scientific audience. What Is A Character Analysis? If called upon to write a character analysis in a college course, ensure you understand why authors use characterizations in their stories and the different types of literary characters used. Data was created with the help of Essay Writers!

Writing a character analysis is not difficult if you begin with this foundation and compose an analysis that includes an introduction, analysis, and conclusion. A strong debate paper is grounded in a well-formed thesis statement and good organization. Examples of clear thesis statements and organizational approaches will help you create an exceptional debate paper. Focused on an individual or group, case studies are often required in psychology courses. Case studies contain descriptions of the individual patient's history, current mental and physical state, and any diagnostic methods used. Written in the APA style, case studies include possible outcomes given different therapeutic approaches. Don’t ruin all your hard work by using the wrong citation method or using the correct one improperly! The most common citation methods are reviewed and information about which is appropriate for your major is included. Learning the skills needed to become adept at college writing has benefits that go beyond your college years. These writing skills will help you both professionally and personally in your post graduation years. Remember, many graduates may even be asked for writing samples when interviewing for jobs after college. From preparing for the array of assignments awaiting you to citing sources correctly, having the "write tips" for college writing assignments will help you throughout your college career. And you can take comfort in the fact that all of your effort will result in writing skills applicable to post-college life. The usefulness of a writing acumen honed in college does not expire on graduation day!

In the context of a bivariate relationship, such as when looking at difference between two groups on a numeric dependent variable (e.g., performance in a control versus a training group) or the relationship between two numeric variables (e.g., IQ and grades), the following distinctions apply: Presence or Absence: Is there a relationship or not? Is lab report abstract example engineering between group means expected? Direction: Is the correlation positive or negative? Which group has the higher mean? Qualitative Degree: What is the size of the relationship? What is the size of the difference between group means? In psychology, this often makes reference to the rules of thumb for small, medium, and large effects proposed by Jacob Cohen. However, many terms can be used that give some sense of the degree or extent. Quantitative Degree: What is the predicted correlation? What is the expected difference between group means? This is a precise numeric statement of the expected relationship. Such predictions are often based on meta analyses, prior studies, or quantitative models of the process. Predictions based on degree also require different approach to formally test.

WHAT IS AN ABSTRACT? An abstract is a brief summary of the most important points in a scientific paper. Abstracts enable professionals to stay current with the huge volume of scientific literature. Students have misconceptions about the nature of abstracts that may be described as the “table of contents” or “introduction” syndromes. There are several ways to tell if you’ve written an abstract or not. It has been observed that the quantity of our scientific knowledge increases at an exponential rate. How is it possible for scientists, students or anyone to keep up with this increase? If a sedimentologist, for example, were to read every paper published in a single year in the Journal of Sedimentary Research, Sedimentology, Sedimentary Geology, Geology, the GSA Bulletin, the AAPG Bulletin, etc. she or he would have no time to conduct any research! Abstracts are crucial components in the battle to keep abreast of one’s field.

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If you examine any paper in a professional journal, such as the GSA Bulletin, and you will see that each paper begins with an abstract. So, what is an abstract? An abstract is a brief synopsis or summary of the most important points that the author makes in the paper. It is a highly condensed version of the paper itself. After reading https://essayfreelancewriters.com/blog/how-to-write-a-lab-report-abstract/ , the reader knows the main points that the authors have to make. The reader can then evaluate the significance of the paper and then decide whether or not she or he wishes to read the full paper. If one elects to read the full paper, further detail is given about each of the significant topics, but no new topics of importance are introduced. If one decides not to read the paper, that decision is based on a knowledge of the paper’s content. Although the abstract appears first in a paper, it is generally the last part written. Only after the paper has been completed can the authors decide what should be in the abstract and what parts are supporting detail.

Student misconceptions abound on the nature of abstracts. Perhaps the two most common misconceptions are that the abstract is a table of contents or an introduction. An abstract is neither of these. Just because it appears first in a paper does not mean that it is an integral part of the paper. Abstracts should be able to stand alone. ”, etc.. If what you have written includes such statements, chances are you have not written an abstract. The “introduction” misconception is also common. How can you tell if what you have written is an abstract or not? Ask yourself the following questions: Does my abstract summarize all the most important points in my paper? If someone reads my abstract will they get all the main points that I want to make in the paper? Does my abstract stand alone or does it lead to other parts of the paper? If the latter is true, chances are good that you have not written an abstract. An abstract is a critical part of a scientific paper. It summarizes the most significant points in the paper. By doing so, it enables the reader to evaluate the nature and significance of the work and therefore decide whether or not to read the whole paper. This article has been done by https://essayfreelancewriters.com.

Predictions based on presence or absence are typically tested against using two sided significance tests getting the extremity of the data given assuming a null hypothesis. Similarly directional hypotheses can be evaluated by one-sided tests. A written prediction may apply to a single result or to a grouped set of results. Grouped results are common where variables can be grouped into sets and the same prediction applies to various combinations of the sets. As an example of a grouped hypothesis, Ackerman and Wolman (2007, p.61) wrote "mean self-estimates of abilities will decline from pretest to posttest assessment". Their study included four different types of self-estimates of ability. Because the nature of the prediction was the same for all four variables, the hypotheses could be grouped. Grouped predictions have the benefit of being concise. A mapping between one set of variables and another set: e.g., when five personality variables are measured both using self-report and other report, the prediction is that self-report and other-report versions of the same variable will correlate more highly than other combinations of the variables. This data was written with Essay Writers.

The rates of chemical reactions are affected by temperature. The purpose of this experiment was to test the effect of five different temperatures on the rate of carbon dioxide production in yeast by measuring the fermentation rate. Saccharomyces, also known as yeast, is a unicellular, eukaryotic sac fungus and is good for this experiment because of it's characteristic of alcohol fermentation. The group was able to document the carbon dioxide production by measuring the volume, then marked at each of the temperature intervals which were tested at temperatures 25°C, 35°C, 45°C, 55°C, and 65° Celsius. The experiment was conducted by pouring yeast in fermentation tubes, heating each of them at different temperatures, marking the rise of the gas bubbles in the fermentation tubes which indicated carbon dioxide production, pouring the yeast out and filling the fermentation tubes up to the marked line with water, and finally pouring the water into a graduated cylinder to measure the volume which can be used to calculate the temperature coefficient value of Q10 and then graphed to illustrate the rate of carbon dioxide produced at each temperature interval and illustrate the amount of carbon dioxide produced at each temperature.

It is important to understand the fermentation rate of yeast so as to accurately determine temperature to achieve the desired effect. Research on this subject has indicated that with higher temperatures in comparison to room temperature, will cause yeast to produce more carbon dioxide, but at some point the temperature can be too high and destroy yeast cells, causing progressively less carbon dioxide production. The rates of chemical reactions will increase with increasing temperatures, up to a certain point which can be demonstrated by the process of baking bread. Temperature speeds up chemical processes because the atoms move faster, and enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions and function in optimal environmental conditions although they can become unsustainable when exposed to excessive heat which they were not made to withstand. An example of this is when bacterial cells die at high temperatures because their enzymes have been denatured. For help with essay, please contact https://essayfreelancewriters.com

We hypothesized that the yeast would produce most carbon dioxide at the median temperature of 45 degrees Celsius because any temperature lower than that would not produce enough and temperatures higher than that would produce too much, causing the bread to sink and the yeast to die because their enzymes become denatured and useless. If we don't heat the bread at a high enough temperature, the yeast will not ferment enough to produce enough carbon dioxide to cause the dough to rise. Contrarily, if we heat the bread on too high of a temperature for the same amount of time, the excessive heat will break chemical bonds and change the enzymes structure into a denatured protein, which has an altered shape that wont allow for it to function as it was originally designed to function. This is what is meant when referred to the temperature of a system. Glucose is mixed with the yeast because it contains the enzymes that will be used for energy to accelerate the chemical reaction that causes the yeast to rise and emit carbon dioxide when it is heated.

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The purpose for performing this study is to understand the rate of fermentation of yeast cells which can be determined by measuring the amount of carbon dioxide produced at each temperature. By understanding this concept, we can discover the rate at which yeast ferments and control the fermentation process. Since there is no direct way to measure gas, an indirect method must be used. The fermentation rate is measured in ml/min which is the rate of carbon dioxide production that is measured over time spent in a water bath. The materials needed to conduct this experiment include 2 yeast packets, sugar culture, five fermentation tubes, water, a wax pencil, a graduated cylinder and four water baths, labeled to each of the temperature intervals to be tested . These materials can be obtained at your local grocery store or at any college laboratory room. Be sure to check the expiration date on the yeast packets to make sure they are fresh and have not expired. We noted the expiration date on our yeast packets was December 2, 2010 which indicates that it is not expired and fresh enough to use in our experiment. Data has been generated with the help of Essay Writers!

Expired yeast can produce inaccurate results. No live subjects were used while conducting this experiment. The experiment was performed in the Tarrant County College South Campus lab Room 1205 on Wednesday, October 7th at 6:00 PM. To begin our experiment, we labeled five fermentation tubes with our group initials and the following temperatures: 25, 35, 45, 55, and 65 degrees Celsius, with our wax pencil. The 25 degree Celsius fermentation tube is equivalent to room temperature and would serve as the experiment control. Then we added 30 ml of yeast to sugar culture and water to each of the five labeled tubes. We used Grandma's Molasses brand sugar culture and Fleischmann's Rapid Rise brand yeast which is readily found at local grocery stores. This combination is a glucose mixture which is equivalent to a cell concentration of 300,000 cells/cm3 which ensures that there will be enough yeast for the reaction to execute rapidly.

This post discusses how to write a method section in psychology. It has relevance to writing journal articles, theses, and lab reports. The method is perhaps the easiest section of a report to write. If check here are able to conduct the study, enough should be known in order to write about what was done. The main challenge involves designing a good study in the first place. However, even with a clear idea of what was done, several issues remain: what information should be included? Where should it placed? How should it be organised? What language should be used? This post reflects my general thoughts. In a separate post I set out a process for extracting principles from specific journal articles to guide your writing. This post should be seen as a supplement to this. Include: Overall Sample size and if appropriate group sample size; Sample source; method of recruitment; relevant sample characteristics (age, gender, and others); exclusionary criteria; whether the sample was representative; acceptance rates for participants solicited; number of participants or observations excluded and the reasons for exclusion.

If participants are assigned to conditions, explain how participants were assigned. It is often good to include information on the statistical power implications of the planned or obtained sample size. If inducements to participate are offered, these should be explained. The amount of information required varies based on the type of report. Ability-Based Tests: Things to include: what the test claims to measure; evidence for its reliability and validity (e.g., references to correlations with other tests and various indices of reliability); sample items; reference to the source; possibly a justification of appropriateness for the sample. If computerised; programming language, operating system, specifications of the computers relevant to the design (e.g., accuracy of reaction time measures, response latency of the display). For further discussion, see my article deconstruction of a few method sections. Design: The APA Style recommends that this section include information about the design. If there were factors in the study, say whether the factors were between-subjects or within subjects, the number and nature of the levels of each, and how participants were assigned to any between-subject condition.

If assignment is non-random, explain this in more detail. Sequence: It should outline the sequence of components in the experiment. Bem has suggested that it can be good to present the procedure in terms of the chronological experience of an individual participant. This should generally include some indication of the total duration of the study and of the individual components. Instructions: All instructions should be accessible. However, given the nature of the publication, there may be a need to present just the aspects of the instructions which are critical to the design. The mode of delivery (source: experimenter, computer, other device; modality: audio, visual, text) and whether it was standardised. A clear and concise style is best. The Method is written in the past tense. When describing something that the experimenter made occur, the passive voice is typically used. This is excellent advice for both the method and the rest of the report. Readability is the aim. Consistent use of readily understandable labels will aid readability. This article was written with the help of Essay Freelance Writers!

How much detail should be included? If a detailed description has been presented in a previous chapter, journal article, or other published work, it is often acceptable to refer the reader to this previous work. The amount of material to include also depends on the nature of the work. A thesis is generally expected to provide more details. If material seems marginally important, it can be placed in an appendix. Many journals provide options for online Appendices. If the information will help someone wanting to replicate the study, it is best that this information be made accessible. When deciding what information to include it is useful to consider what information is most important. What information would be required to comfort a critical reader? There has been a lot of discussion about the importance of power analysis in designing a study (e.g., Cohen's A Power Primer; The free software G-Power 3). In particular, power analysis has major implications for decisions about sample size. Although many studies make no mention of the statistical power of their study as an implicit assumption, there is a good argument to include a few lines on statistical power in the Participants Section.